kernel: Enable more networking stuff

Add support for sharing host directories into the VM via QEMU 9p
(virtio-9p).

The --mount flag can be repeated.

The format is `<host-path>` or `<host-path>:<guest-path>`

Relative guest paths are relative to the configured WORKDIR.

Design:
- QEMU: each --mount gets a short 9p tag (slim0, slim1, …) via
  -virtfs local,path=…,mount_tag=slimN,security_model=mapped-xattr.
  Tags are kept short because 9p mount_tag has a ~31-byte limit.
- Kernel cmdline: the full destination path is passed as
  slim.mount=<tag>:<base64(path)> so the init script knows where to
  mount each tag.  Base64 avoids issues with spaces/special chars.
- slim-init.sh: after networking, parse slim.mount= entries, mkdir -p
  the destination, and mount -t 9p <tag> <dest> -o trans=virtio,version=9p2000.L

Tests verify: 9p share detection via sysfs mount_tag, 9p entry in
mount output, file content accessible at the expected path, and clean
VM exit.

.gitmodules

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+[submodule "linux"]
+	path = kernel/linux
+	url = https://github.com/torvalds/linux.git
+	shallow = true

Cargo.lock

@@ -66,15 +66,37 @@ checksum = "330a5ed07fa54e4702c9d6c4174f74427fc0ef6e214bbd677ae50a5099946470"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "base64"
-version = "0.22.1"
+version = "0.23.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "72b3254f16251a8381aa12e40e3c4d2f0199f8c6508fbecb9d91f575e0fbb8c6"
+checksum = "ac07cdecf99051d9a5238b80f35af32cdeba5b336e55d957b318b50137e18da5"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bitflags"
-version = "2.13.1"
+version = "2.13.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b588b76d00fde79687d7646a9b5bdf3cc0f655e0bbd080335a95d7e96f3587da"
+checksum = "3ded4057c258ba199e2d26386d3af3780957ecaee6c4ef4041c6b4b8b97c0b06"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "boco"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "anyhow",
+ "base64",
+ "clap",
+ "flate2",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_json",
+ "tempfile",
+ "xdg",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "boco-init"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "base64",
+ "nix",
+]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cfg-if"
@@ -82,6 +104,12 @@ version = "1.0.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9330f8b2ff13f34540b44e946ef35111825727b38d33286ef986142615121801"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "cfg_aliases"
+version = "0.2.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f079e83a288787bcd14a6aea84cee5c87a67c5a3e660c30f557a3d24761b3527"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
 version = "4.6.6"
@@ -155,12 +183,13 @@ checksum = "da7c62ceae207dd37ea5b845da6a0696c799f85e97da1ab5b7910be3c1c80223"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "flate2"
-version = "1.1.9"
+version = "1.1.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "843fba2746e448b37e26a819579957415c8cef339bf08564fe8b7ddbd959573c"
+checksum = "6e634e2e0ebac1ee034020da1ca582e17ffe4e0f5e985823721e168928136dcb"
 dependencies = [
  "crc32fast",
  "miniz_oxide",
+ "zlib-rs",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -212,14 +241,26 @@ checksum = "cf8baf1c55e62ffcace7a9f06f4bd9cd3f0c4beb022d3b367256b91b87513d98"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "miniz_oxide"
-version = "0.8.9"
+version = "0.9.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1fa76a2c86f704bdb222d66965fb3d63269ce38518b83cb0575fca855ebb6316"
+checksum = "b63fbc4a50860e98e7b2aa7804ded1db5cbc3aff9193adaff57a6931bf7c4b4c"
 dependencies = [
  "adler2",
  "simd-adler32",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "nix"
+version = "0.31.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "cf20d2fde8ff38632c426f1165ed7436270b44f199fc55284c38276f9db47c3d"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags",
+ "cfg-if",
+ "cfg_aliases",
+ "libc",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "once_cell"
 version = "1.21.4"
@@ -318,20 +359,6 @@ version = "0.3.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "3a219298ac11a56ea9a6d2120044824d6f01aeb034955e7af7bc16858527deea"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "slim"
-version = "0.1.0"
-dependencies = [
- "anyhow",
- "base64",
- "clap",
- "flate2",
- "serde",
- "serde_json",
- "tempfile",
- "xdg",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "strsim"
 version = "0.11.1"
@@ -340,9 +367,9 @@ checksum = "7da8b5736845d9f2fcb837ea5d9e2628564b3b043a70948a3f0b778838c5fb4f"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "syn"
-version = "3.0.4"
+version = "3.0.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e6275cddf4610d1775e6d1fe9469b2e77d0f39fd98fb7450901b821e0c53649f"
+checksum = "12df2e0110f65b775f769bb17ef989067a1d931b2eb822bd4346631eeada89f9"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -395,6 +422,12 @@ version = "3.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "2fb433233f2df9344722454bc7e96465c9d03bff9d77c248f9e7523fe79585b5"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "zlib-rs"
+version = "0.6.7"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "34b31d188d9d685a4f9c7b46d6e36631b07058d2cfe190267adce54dc230bf12"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "zmij"
 version = "1.0.23"

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,11 +1,19 @@
+[workspace]
+members = [".", "init"]
+
+[profile.release]
+opt-level = "z"
+lto = true
+strip = true
+
 [package]
-name = "slim"
+name = "boco"
 version = "0.1.0"
 edition = "2024"
 
 [dependencies]
 anyhow = "1.0.104"
-base64 = "0.22"
+base64 = "0.23"
 clap = { version = "4.6.6", features = ["derive"] }
 flate2 = "1.1.9"
 serde = { version = "1.0.229", features = ["derive"] }

README.md

@@ -1,32 +1,41 @@
-# slim
+# boco
 
-Turning containers into bootable VMs
+Turn container images into bootable VMs
 
 ## Example
 
+```Dockerfile
+# ./example/alpine/Containerfile
+FROM alpine:latest
+CMD ["/bin/sh"]
+```
+
 ```sh
 # Build the container
-podman build ./example/alpine -t slim-alpine
+podman build ./example/alpine -t boco-alpine
 
-# Make the container bootable. slim injects /slim/init and /slim/exec,
+# Make the container bootable. boco injects a custom init program,
 # then packs the rootfs as a qcow2 disk.
-slim build qcow2 slim-alpine
+boco build qcow2 boco-alpine
 
-# Boot the image using QEMU. The container's CMD runs automatically.
+# Boot the image using QEMU, and drop into /bin/sh.
-slim run slim-alpine
+boco boot boco-alpine
-
-# Override the command at runtime (base64-encoded on the kernel cmdline):
-slim run slim-alpine --cmd '/bin/sh'
-
-# Override the command at build time (baked into /slim/exec):
-slim build qcow2 slim-alpine --cmd '/bin/sh'
 
 # Cleanup
-slim image rm slim-alpine
+boco image rm boco-alpine
-podman image rm slim-alpine
+podman image rm boco-alpine
+```
+
+Can also be used to boot a more traditional systemd-based VM:
+
+```Dockerfile
+FROM archlinux:latest
+
+# This works! Although you should probably add a user or some services.
+CMD ["/sbin/init"]
 ```
 
 ## Kernel
 
-slim boots VMs using a shared kernel at `$XDG_DATA_HOME/slim-rs/vmlinuz`.
+boco boots VMs using a shared kernel at `$XDG_DATA_HOME/boco/registry/vmlinuz`.
-Place a suitable x86 bzImage there before running `slim run`.
+Place a suitable x86 bzImage there before running `boco boot`.

example/test.sh

@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 #!/bin/bash
-# Test script for slim - boots containers and verifies CMD inference/override.
+# Test script for boco - boots containers and verifies CMD inference/override.
-# Requires: podman, qemu-system-x86_64, KVM, and a kernel at
+# Requires: podman, qemu-system-x86_64, KVM, curl, and a kernel at
-# $XDG_DATA_HOME/slim-rs/vmlinuz.
+# $XDG_DATA_HOME/boco/registry/vmlinuz.
 set -u
 
 SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")" && pwd)"
-SLIM_BIN="$SCRIPT_DIR/../target/debug/slim"
+TARGET_DIR="${CARGO_TARGET_DIR:-$SCRIPT_DIR/../target}"
+BOCO_BIN="$TARGET_DIR/debug/boco"
 TIMEOUT=120
 
 pass=0
@@ -33,7 +34,7 @@ check_output() {
 }
 
 cleanup() {
-    "$SLIM_BIN" image rm "$1" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+    "$BOCO_BIN" image rm "$1" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
     podman image rm "$2" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
 }
 
@@ -51,48 +52,48 @@ test_distro() {
     cat > "$work/Containerfile.infer" <<EOF
 FROM $from
 $extra_setup
-CMD ["/bin/sh", "-c", "echo CMD_INFERRED_OK; ping -c1 1.1.1.1 >/dev/null 2>&1 && echo PING_OK; ping -c1 example.org >/dev/null 2>&1 && echo DNS_OK; poweroff -f"]
+CMD ["/bin/sh", "-c", "echo CMD_INFERRED_OK; wget -q -O /dev/null http://1.1.1.1 2>/dev/null && echo CONN_OK; wget -q -O /dev/null http://example.org 2>/dev/null && echo DNS_OK; poweroff -f"]
 EOF
-    img="slim-test-$distro-infer"
+    img="boco-test-$distro-infer"
     if podman build -t "$img" -f "$work/Containerfile.infer" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-        "$SLIM_BIN" build qcow2 "$img" >/dev/null 2>&1
+        "$BOCO_BIN" build qcow2 "$img" >/dev/null 2>&1
-        output=$(timeout "$TIMEOUT" "$SLIM_BIN" run "$img" 2>&1 || true)
+        output=$(timeout "$TIMEOUT" "$BOCO_BIN" boot "$img" 2>&1 || true)
         check_output "$output" "CMD_INFERRED_OK" "$distro CMD-inferred"
-        check_output "$output" "PING_OK" "$distro ping 1.1.1.1"
+        check_output "$output" "CONN_OK" "$distro connect to 1.1.1.1"
         check_output "$output" "DNS_OK" "$distro DNS lookup"
     else
         report fail "$distro CMD-inferred (podman build failed)"
     fi
     cleanup "$img" "$img"
 
-    # === Test 2: slim run --cmd override ===
+    # === Test 2: boco boot --cmd override ===
-    echo "-- Test 2: slim run --cmd override"
+    echo "-- Test 2: boco boot --cmd override"
     cat > "$work/Containerfile.run" <<EOF
 FROM $from
 $extra_setup
 CMD ["/bin/sh", "-c", "echo SHOULD_NOT_APPEAR; poweroff -f"]
 EOF
-    img="slim-test-$distro-run"
+    img="boco-test-$distro-run"
     if podman build -t "$img" -f "$work/Containerfile.run" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-        "$SLIM_BIN" build qcow2 "$img" >/dev/null 2>&1
+        "$BOCO_BIN" build qcow2 "$img" >/dev/null 2>&1
-        output=$(timeout "$TIMEOUT" "$SLIM_BIN" run "$img" --cmd 'echo RUN_OVERRIDE_OK; poweroff -f' 2>&1 || true)
+        output=$(timeout "$TIMEOUT" "$BOCO_BIN" boot "$img" --cmd 'echo RUN_OVERRIDE_OK; poweroff -f' 2>&1 || true)
-        check_output "$output" "RUN_OVERRIDE_OK" "$distro run --cmd override"
+        check_output "$output" "RUN_OVERRIDE_OK" "$distro boot --cmd override"
     else
-        report fail "$distro run --cmd override (podman build failed)"
+        report fail "$distro boot --cmd override (podman build failed)"
     fi
     cleanup "$img" "$img"
 
-    # === Test 3: slim build --cmd override ===
+    # === Test 3: boco build --cmd override ===
-    echo "-- Test 3: slim build --cmd override"
+    echo "-- Test 3: boco build --cmd override"
     cat > "$work/Containerfile.build" <<EOF
 FROM $from
 $extra_setup
 CMD ["/bin/sh", "-c", "echo SHOULD_NOT_APPEAR; poweroff -f"]
 EOF
-    img="slim-test-$distro-build"
+    img="boco-test-$distro-build"
     if podman build -t "$img" -f "$work/Containerfile.build" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-        "$SLIM_BIN" build qcow2 "$img" --cmd 'echo BUILD_OVERRIDE_OK; poweroff -f' >/dev/null 2>&1
+        "$BOCO_BIN" build qcow2 "$img" --cmd 'echo BUILD_OVERRIDE_OK; poweroff -f' >/dev/null 2>&1
-        output=$(timeout "$TIMEOUT" "$SLIM_BIN" run "$img" 2>&1 || true)
+        output=$(timeout "$TIMEOUT" "$BOCO_BIN" boot "$img" 2>&1 || true)
         check_output "$output" "BUILD_OVERRIDE_OK" "$distro build --cmd override"
     else
         report fail "$distro build --cmd override (podman build failed)"
@@ -102,11 +103,266 @@ EOF
     rm -rf "$work"
 }
 
-echo "Building slim..."
+test_user() {
+    echo "=== Testing USER directive ==="
+
+    work="$(mktemp -d)"
+    img="boco-test-user"
+
+    cat > "$work/Containerfile" <<'EOF'
+FROM alpine:latest
+RUN adduser -D -u 1500 testuser
+USER testuser
+CMD ["/bin/sh", "-c", "echo USER_BUILD_OK:$(id -u):$(whoami); poweroff -f"]
+EOF
+
+    echo "-- Building container image with USER directive..."
+    if ! podman build --network=none -t "$img" -f "$work/Containerfile" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+        report fail "USER directive (podman build failed)"
+        rm -rf "$work"
+        return
+    fi
+
+    echo "-- Test 1: build-time CMD runs as USER"
+    "$BOCO_BIN" build qcow2 "$img" >/dev/null 2>&1
+    output=$(timeout "$TIMEOUT" "$BOCO_BIN" boot "$img" 2>&1 || true)
+    check_output "$output" "USER_BUILD_OK:1500:testuser" "USER build-time CMD runs as testuser"
+
+    echo "-- Test 2: boot --cmd override runs as USER"
+    output=$(timeout "$TIMEOUT" "$BOCO_BIN" boot "$img" --cmd 'echo USER_RUN_OK:$(id -u):$(whoami); poweroff -f' 2>&1 || true)
+    check_output "$output" "USER_RUN_OK:1500:testuser" "USER boot --cmd override runs as testuser"
+
+    cleanup "$img" "$img"
+    rm -rf "$work"
+}
+
+test_mount() {
+    echo "=== Testing --mount (9p shares) ==="
+
+    work="$(mktemp -d)"
+
+    # --- Image 1: no WORKINGDIR, test host:guest and multi-mount ---
+    img="boco-test-mount"
+    share_dir="$work/share"
+    share_dir2="$work/share2"
+    guest_dir="/mnt/guest"
+    guest_dir2="/mnt/guest2"
+
+    mkdir -p "$share_dir" "$share_dir2"
+    echo "hello from host" > "$share_dir/testfile.txt"
+    echo "second share" > "$share_dir2/testfile2.txt"
+
+    cat > "$work/Containerfile" <<'EOF'
+FROM alpine:latest
+CMD ["/bin/sh", "-c", "poweroff -f"]
+EOF
+
+    echo "-- Building container image (no WORKINGDIR)..."
+    if ! podman build --network=none -t "$img" -f "$work/Containerfile" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+        report fail "--mount (podman build failed)"
+        rm -rf "$work"
+        return
+    fi
+
+    echo "-- Building boco VM..."
+    if ! "$BOCO_BIN" build qcow2 "$img" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+        report fail "--mount (boco build failed)"
+        cleanup "$img" "$img"
+        rm -rf "$work"
+        return
+    fi
+
+    share_canon=$(readlink -f "$share_dir")
+    share_canon2=$(readlink -f "$share_dir2")
+
+    echo "-- Test 1: --mount host:guest (absolute guest path, multi-mount)..."
+    output=$(timeout "$TIMEOUT" "$BOCO_BIN" boot "$img" \
+        --mount "${share_dir}:${guest_dir}" \
+        --mount "${share_dir2}:${guest_dir2}" \
+        --cmd "for f in /sys/bus/virtio/drivers/9pnet_virtio/virtio*/mount_tag; do [ -f \"\$f\" ] && echo \"\$f: \$(tr -d '\\0' < \"\$f\")\"; done; mount -v; cat ${guest_dir}/testfile.txt 2>/dev/null || echo NO_FILE; cat ${guest_dir2}/testfile2.txt 2>/dev/null || echo NO_FILE2; echo MOUNT_VERIFY_DONE; poweroff -f" \
+        2>&1 || true)
+
+    check_output "$output" "mount_tag: boco0" "--mount 9p share detected"
+    check_output "$output" "mount_tag: boco1" "--mount second 9p share detected"
+    check_output "$output" "type 9p" "--mount 9p filesystem in mount list"
+    check_output "$output" "hello from host" "--mount file accessible at guest path"
+    check_output "$output" "second share" "--mount second file accessible at guest path"
+    check_output "$output" "MOUNT_VERIFY_DONE" "--mount VM ran to completion"
+
+    cleanup "$img" "$img"
+
+    # --- Image 2: with WORKINGDIR, test relative guest path ---
+    img="boco-test-mount-wd"
+    share_dir3="$work/share3"
+
+    mkdir -p "$share_dir3"
+    echo "relative share" > "$share_dir3/relfile.txt"
+
+    cat > "$work/Containerfile.wd" <<'EOF'
+FROM alpine:latest
+WORKDIR /app
+CMD ["/bin/sh", "-c", "poweroff -f"]
+EOF
+
+    echo "-- Building container image (WORKINGDIR /app)..."
+    if ! podman build --network=none -t "$img" -f "$work/Containerfile.wd" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+        report fail "--mount relative (podman build failed)"
+        rm -rf "$work"
+        return
+    fi
+
+    echo "-- Building boco VM..."
+    if ! "$BOCO_BIN" build qcow2 "$img" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+        report fail "--mount relative (boco build failed)"
+        cleanup "$img" "$img"
+        rm -rf "$work"
+        return
+    fi
+
+    echo "-- Test 2: --mount host:relative-guest (resolved against WORKINGDIR)..."
+    output=$(timeout "$TIMEOUT" "$BOCO_BIN" boot "$img" \
+        --mount "${share_dir3}:data" \
+        --cmd "mount -v; cat /app/data/relfile.txt 2>/dev/null || echo NO_REL_FILE; echo REL_VERIFY_DONE; poweroff -f" \
+        2>&1 || true)
+
+    check_output "$output" "type 9p" "--mount relative 9p filesystem in mount list"
+    check_output "$output" "relative share" "--mount relative file accessible at WORKINGDIR/data"
+    check_output "$output" "REL_VERIFY_DONE" "--mount relative VM ran to completion"
+
+    cleanup "$img" "$img"
+    rm -rf "$work"
+}
+
+test_service() {
+    echo "=== Testing nextcloud service ==="
+
+    img="boco-test-nextcloud"
+    host_port=18080
+    work="$(mktemp -d)"
+
+    cat > "$work/Containerfile" <<'EOF'
+FROM docker.io/library/nextcloud:32-apache
+RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends iproute2 && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+EOF
+
+    echo "-- Building nextcloud container image..."
+    if ! podman build -t "$img" -f "$work/Containerfile" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+        report fail "nextcloud service (podman build failed)"
+        rm -rf "$work"
+        return
+    fi
+
+    echo "-- Building boco VM..."
+    if ! "$BOCO_BIN" build qcow2 "$img" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+        report fail "nextcloud service (boco build failed)"
+        cleanup "$img" "$img"
+        rm -rf "$work"
+        return
+    fi
+
+    echo "-- Booting VM with port forward (host :${host_port} -> guest :80)..."
+    setsid timeout 300 "$BOCO_BIN" boot "$img" \
+        --forward "tcp:0.0.0.0:${host_port}-:80" \
+        --memory 2048M >/dev/null 2>&1 &
+    vm_pid=$!
+
+    echo "-- Waiting for Nextcloud to start..."
+    up=0
+    for _ in $(seq 1 60); do
+        if curl -s -o /dev/null -m 2 "http://localhost:${host_port}/" 2>/dev/null; then
+            up=1
+            break
+        fi
+        sleep 3
+    done
+
+    if [ "$up" = "1" ]; then
+        response=$(curl -s -L -m 10 "http://localhost:${host_port}/" 2>/dev/null || true)
+        if echo "$response" | grep -qi "nextcloud"; then
+            report pass "nextcloud service (port forward + content)"
+        else
+            report fail "nextcloud service (port reachable but no 'nextcloud' in response)"
+        fi
+    else
+        report fail "nextcloud service (port not reachable within timeout)"
+    fi
+
+    pkill -f "qemu-system-x86_64.*$img" 2>/dev/null || true
+    kill "$vm_pid" 2>/dev/null || true
+    wait "$vm_pid" 2>/dev/null || true
+
+    cleanup "$img" "$img"
+    rm -rf "$work"
+}
+
+test_systemd() {
+    echo "=== Testing systemd as init ==="
+
+    work="$(mktemp -d)"
+    img="boco-test-systemd"
+
+    cat > "$work/boco-test.service" <<'SVC'
+[Unit]
+Description=boco systemd test
+After=multi-user.target
+
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+ExecStart=/bin/sh -c "echo SYSTEMD_TEST_OK > /dev/console; sleep 1; systemctl poweroff"
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=multi-user.target
+SVC
+
+    cat > "$work/Containerfile" <<EOF
+FROM archlinux:latest
+COPY boco-test.service /etc/systemd/system/boco-test.service
+RUN mkdir -p /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants && \
+    ln -sf /etc/systemd/system/boco-test.service \
+       /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/boco-test.service
+CMD ["/sbin/init"]
+EOF
+
+    echo "-- Building container image with systemd..."
+    if ! podman build -t "$img" "$work" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+        report fail "systemd as init (podman build failed)"
+        rm -rf "$work"
+        return
+    fi
+
+    echo "-- Building boco VM..."
+    if ! "$BOCO_BIN" build qcow2 "$img" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+        report fail "systemd as init (boco build failed)"
+        cleanup "$img" "$img"
+        rm -rf "$work"
+        return
+    fi
+
+    echo "-- Booting VM (systemd as PID 1)..."
+    output=$(timeout "$TIMEOUT" "$BOCO_BIN" boot "$img" 2>&1 || true)
+    check_output "$output" "SYSTEMD_TEST_OK" "systemd boots and runs service"
+    check_output "$output" "reboot: Power down" "systemd shuts down cleanly"
+
+    cleanup "$img" "$img"
+    rm -rf "$work"
+}
+
+echo "Building boco..."
 cargo build 2>&1
+cargo build --release -p boco-init --target x86_64-unknown-linux-musl 2>&1
+cp "$TARGET_DIR/x86_64-unknown-linux-musl/release/boco-init" \
+   "${XDG_DATA_HOME:-$HOME/.local/share}/boco/boco-init"
 
 test_distro "alpine" "alpine:latest" ""
-test_distro "archlinux" "archlinux:latest" "RUN pacman -Sy --noconfirm iputils iproute2 util-linux; pacman -Sc --noconfirm"
+test_distro "archlinux" "archlinux:latest" "RUN pacman -Sy --noconfirm iproute2 wget; pacman -Sc --noconfirm"
+
+test_user
+
+test_mount
+
+test_service
+
+test_systemd
 
 echo ""
 echo "=== Results: $pass passed, $fail failed ==="

init/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "boco-init"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2024"
+
+[dependencies]
+base64 = "0.23"
+nix = { version = "0.31", features = ["mount", "fs", "process", "user", "reboot"] }

init/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,429 @@
+//! boco universal init.
+//!
+//! Injected by `boco build` at /boco/init and invoked via init=/boco/init.
+//! Sets up devices, filesystems, networking, and 9p shares, then execs the
+//! container's CMD/ENTRYPOINT (or a runtime override) with execvp so the
+//! command becomes PID 1 directly.
+
+use base64::Engine;
+use nix::mount::{MsFlags, mount};
+use nix::sys::reboot::{RebootMode, reboot};
+use nix::sys::stat::{Mode, SFlag, makedev, mknod};
+use nix::sys::wait::waitpid;
+use nix::unistd::{ForkResult, Gid, Uid, User, execvp, fork, setgid, setuid};
+use std::env;
+use std::ffi::CString;
+use std::fs;
+use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::process::Command;
+
+fn warn(msg: &str) {
+    eprintln!("boco-init: {msg}");
+}
+
+/// Run a fallible operation, logging on error.
+fn try_io<F, T>(label: &str, f: F)
+where
+    F: FnOnce() -> std::io::Result<T>,
+{
+    if let Err(e) = f() {
+        warn(&format!("{label}: {e}"));
+    }
+}
+
+/// Run a command, logging on error or non-zero exit.
+fn try_cmd(label: &str, cmd: &mut Command) {
+    match cmd.status() {
+        Ok(status) => {
+            if !status.success() {
+                warn(&format!("{label}: exited with {status}"));
+            }
+        }
+        Err(e) => warn(&format!("{label}: {e}")),
+    }
+}
+
+/// The kernel passes a minimal environment to init. Set a default PATH
+/// so that `ip` and other tools can be found by name.
+fn ensure_path() {
+    if env::var("PATH").is_err() {
+        // SAFETY: we are single-threaded before fork/exec.
+        unsafe {
+            env::set_var(
+                "PATH",
+                "/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin",
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn find_in_path(prog: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    let path = env::var("PATH").ok()?;
+    for dir in path.split(':') {
+        let candidate = format!("{dir}/{prog}");
+        if Path::new(&candidate).exists() {
+            return Some(candidate);
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn try_mount(
+    source: Option<&str>,
+    target: &str,
+    fstype: Option<&str>,
+    flags: MsFlags,
+    data: Option<&str>,
+) {
+    if let Err(e) = mount(source, target, fstype, flags, data) {
+        warn(&format!("mount {target}: {e}"));
+    }
+}
+
+fn setup_filesystems() {
+    if !Path::new("/dev/console").exists() {
+        try_io("mknod /dev/console", || {
+            mknod(
+                "/dev/console",
+                SFlag::S_IFCHR,
+                Mode::S_IRUSR | Mode::S_IWUSR,
+                makedev(5, 1),
+            )
+            .map_err(std::io::Error::from)
+        });
+    }
+
+    let dirs = [
+        "/proc",
+        "/sys",
+        "/dev/pts",
+        "/dev/shm",
+        "/run",
+        "/tmp",
+        "/sys/fs/cgroup",
+    ];
+    for d in &dirs {
+        try_io(&format!("mkdir {d}"), || fs::create_dir_all(d));
+    }
+
+    try_mount(Some("proc"), "/proc", Some("proc"), MsFlags::empty(), None);
+    try_mount(Some("sysfs"), "/sys", Some("sysfs"), MsFlags::empty(), None);
+    try_mount(
+        Some("devpts"),
+        "/dev/pts",
+        Some("devpts"),
+        MsFlags::empty(),
+        None,
+    );
+    try_mount(
+        Some("tmpfs"),
+        "/dev/shm",
+        Some("tmpfs"),
+        MsFlags::empty(),
+        None,
+    );
+    try_mount(
+        Some("tmpfs"),
+        "/run",
+        Some("tmpfs"),
+        MsFlags::empty(),
+        Some("mode=755"),
+    );
+    try_mount(
+        Some("tmpfs"),
+        "/tmp",
+        Some("tmpfs"),
+        MsFlags::empty(),
+        Some("mode=1777"),
+    );
+
+    // cgroup2
+    try_mount(
+        Some("cgroup2"),
+        "/sys/fs/cgroup",
+        Some("cgroup2"),
+        MsFlags::empty(),
+        None,
+    );
+    if let Ok(controllers) = fs::read_to_string("/sys/fs/cgroup/cgroup.controllers") {
+        for c in controllers.split_whitespace() {
+            try_io("write cgroup.subtree_control", || {
+                fs::write("/sys/fs/cgroup/cgroup.subtree_control", format!("+{c}"))
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn setup_rootless_prereqs() {
+    // make-rshared /
+    if let Err(e) =
+        mount::<str, str, str, str>(None, "/", None, MsFlags::MS_REC | MsFlags::MS_SHARED, None)
+    {
+        warn(&format!("make-rshared /: {e}"));
+    }
+
+    // chmod u+s newuidmap newgidmap
+    for bin in &["/usr/bin/newuidmap", "/usr/bin/newgidmap"] {
+        match fs::metadata(bin) {
+            Ok(meta) => {
+                let mut perms = meta.permissions();
+                perms.set_mode(perms.mode() | 0o4000);
+                try_io(&format!("chmod u+s {bin}"), || {
+                    fs::set_permissions(bin, perms)
+                });
+            }
+            Err(e) if e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => {}
+            Err(e) => warn(&format!("stat {bin}: {e}")),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn setup_timezone() {
+    try_io("symlink timezone", || {
+        std::os::unix::fs::symlink("/usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Stockholm", "/etc/localtime")
+    });
+}
+
+fn setup_networking() {
+    let ip = find_in_path("ip").unwrap_or_else(|| "/sbin/ip".to_string());
+    try_cmd(
+        "ip link set lo up",
+        Command::new(&ip).args(["link", "set", "lo", "up"]),
+    );
+    try_cmd(
+        "ip link set eth0 up",
+        Command::new(&ip).args(["link", "set", "eth0", "up"]),
+    );
+    try_cmd(
+        "ip addr add 10.0.2.15/24 dev eth0",
+        Command::new(&ip).args(["addr", "add", "10.0.2.15/24", "dev", "eth0"]),
+    );
+    try_cmd(
+        "ip route add default via 10.0.2.2",
+        Command::new(&ip).args(["route", "add", "default", "via", "10.0.2.2"]),
+    );
+    try_io("write /etc/resolv.conf", || {
+        fs::write("/etc/resolv.conf", "nameserver 10.0.2.3\n")
+    });
+}
+
+fn setup_9p_shares(workdir: &str) {
+    let cmdline = match fs::read_to_string("/proc/cmdline") {
+        Ok(c) => c,
+        Err(e) => {
+            warn(&format!("read /proc/cmdline: {e}"));
+            return;
+        }
+    };
+    let b64 = base64::engine::general_purpose::STANDARD;
+
+    for tok in cmdline.split_whitespace() {
+        if let Some(rest) = tok.strip_prefix("boco.mount=") {
+            let Some((tag, dest_b64)) = rest.split_once(':') else {
+                continue;
+            };
+            let dest = match b64.decode(dest_b64) {
+                Ok(bytes) => match String::from_utf8(bytes) {
+                    Ok(s) => s,
+                    Err(e) => {
+                        warn(&format!("9p: invalid UTF-8 in guest path: {e}"));
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                },
+                Err(e) => {
+                    warn(&format!("9p: base64 decode failed: {e}"));
+                    continue;
+                }
+            };
+
+            // Resolve relative guest paths against WORKINGDIR
+            let dest = if dest.starts_with('/') {
+                dest
+            } else {
+                format!("{}/{}", workdir, dest)
+            };
+
+            try_io(&format!("mkdir {dest}"), || fs::create_dir_all(&dest));
+            try_mount(
+                Some(tag),
+                &dest,
+                Some("9p"),
+                MsFlags::empty(),
+                Some("trans=virtio,version=9p2000.L"),
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn read_file_opt(path: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    fs::read_to_string(path)
+        .ok()
+        .filter(|s| !s.trim().is_empty())
+}
+
+fn split_null_delimited(data: &[u8]) -> Vec<String> {
+    data.split(|&b| b == 0)
+        .filter(|s| !s.is_empty())
+        .map(|s| String::from_utf8_lossy(s).into_owned())
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn read_argv() -> Vec<String> {
+    // Check for runtime override: boco.cmd=<base64(null-delimited argv)>
+    let b64 = base64::engine::general_purpose::STANDARD;
+    if let Ok(cmdline) = fs::read_to_string("/proc/cmdline") {
+        for tok in cmdline.split_whitespace() {
+            if let Some(rest) = tok.strip_prefix("boco.cmd=")
+                && let Ok(decoded) = b64.decode(rest)
+            {
+                let argv = split_null_delimited(&decoded);
+                if !argv.is_empty() {
+                    return argv;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Fall back to build-time argv from /boco/exec
+    match fs::read("/boco/exec") {
+        Ok(data) => {
+            let argv = split_null_delimited(&data);
+            if !argv.is_empty() {
+                return argv;
+            }
+        }
+        Err(e) => warn(&format!("read /boco/exec: {e}")),
+    }
+
+    warn("no command found, falling back to /bin/sh");
+    vec!["/bin/sh".to_string()]
+}
+
+fn apply_env() {
+    if let Ok(data) = fs::read("/boco/env") {
+        for entry in split_null_delimited(&data) {
+            if let Some((key, val)) = entry.split_once('=') {
+                // SAFETY: we are single-threaded before fork/exec.
+                unsafe { env::set_var(key, val) };
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn apply_workdir() {
+    if let Some(dir) = read_file_opt("/boco/workdir") {
+        try_io("set working directory", || env::set_current_dir(&dir));
+    }
+}
+
+struct UserSpec {
+    uid: Uid,
+    gid: Gid,
+}
+
+fn resolve_user(spec: &str) -> Option<UserSpec> {
+    let (user_part, gid_part) = match spec.split_once(':') {
+        Some((u, g)) => (u, Some(g)),
+        None => (spec, None),
+    };
+
+    let (uid, default_gid) = if let Ok(numeric) = user_part.parse::<u32>() {
+        let user = User::from_uid(Uid::from_raw(numeric)).ok().flatten();
+        let gid = user
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|u| u.gid)
+            .unwrap_or(Gid::from_raw(numeric));
+        (Uid::from_raw(numeric), gid)
+    } else {
+        let user = User::from_name(user_part).ok().flatten()?;
+        (user.uid, user.gid)
+    };
+
+    let gid = match gid_part {
+        Some(g) => match g.parse::<u32>() {
+            Ok(n) => Gid::from_raw(n),
+            Err(_) => default_gid,
+        },
+        None => default_gid,
+    };
+
+    Some(UserSpec { uid, gid })
+}
+
+fn exec_command(argv: &[String], user: Option<UserSpec>) -> ! {
+    let cstrings: Vec<CString> = argv
+        .iter()
+        .map(|s| CString::new(s.as_str()).unwrap_or_default())
+        .collect();
+    let c_prog = cstrings[0].clone();
+    let c_refs: Vec<&CString> = cstrings.iter().collect();
+
+    match user {
+        None => {
+            // No privilege drop: exec directly, PID 1 becomes the command.
+            let Err(e) = execvp(&c_prog, &c_refs);
+            warn(&format!("execvp {}: {e}", argv[0]));
+            let _ = reboot(RebootMode::RB_POWER_OFF);
+            std::process::exit(1);
+        }
+        Some(user) => {
+            // Drop privileges in a child so PID 1 (root) can poweroff afterwards.
+            match unsafe { fork() } {
+                Ok(ForkResult::Child) => {
+                    // setgid before setuid to avoid losing privileges
+                    if let Err(e) = setgid(user.gid) {
+                        warn(&format!("setgid: {e}"));
+                    }
+                    if let Err(e) = setuid(user.uid) {
+                        warn(&format!("setuid: {e}"));
+                    }
+                    let Err(e) = execvp(&c_prog, &c_refs);
+                    warn(&format!("execvp {}: {e}", argv[0]));
+                    std::process::exit(127);
+                }
+                Ok(ForkResult::Parent { child }) => {
+                    let _ = waitpid(child, None);
+                    let _ = reboot(RebootMode::RB_POWER_OFF);
+                    std::process::exit(0);
+                }
+                Err(e) => {
+                    warn(&format!("fork: {e}"));
+                    let _ = reboot(RebootMode::RB_POWER_OFF);
+                    std::process::exit(1);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    ensure_path();
+
+    // === Devices & special filesystems ===
+    setup_filesystems();
+
+    // === Rootless container prerequisites (best-effort) ===
+    setup_rootless_prereqs();
+
+    // === Timezone ===
+    setup_timezone();
+
+    // === Networking ===
+    setup_networking();
+
+    // === 9p shares ===
+    let workdir = read_file_opt("/boco/workdir").unwrap_or_default();
+    setup_9p_shares(&workdir);
+
+    // === Environment & working directory ===
+    apply_env();
+    apply_workdir();
+
+    // === Resolve user for privilege drop ===
+    let user = read_file_opt("/boco/user").and_then(|spec| resolve_user(&spec));
+
+    // === Execute the configured command ===
+    let argv = read_argv();
+    exec_command(&argv, user);
+}

src/build.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-//! Build: mount a podman image, inject /slim/ scripts, and pack the rootfs
+//! Build: mount a podman image, inject /boco/ scripts, and pack the rootfs
 //! as a gzipped cpio initrd or qcow2 disk in the registry.
 
 use anyhow::{Context, Result, bail};
@@ -41,19 +41,28 @@ pub(crate) fn build(
     }: BuildCmd,
 ) -> Result<()> {
     let image = &name;
-    let mount_path = mount_image(image)?;
+    let container = format!("boco-build-{}", image.replace(':', "-"));
+
+    let mount_path = mount_container(image, &container)?;
     println!("Mounted at: {}", mount_path.display());
 
     let result = build_inner(&kind, image, &mount_path, cmd_override);
 
     let unmounted = cmd(&[
-        "podman", "unshare", "--", "podman", "image", "unmount", image,
+        "podman",
+        "unshare",
+        "--",
+        "podman",
+        "container",
+        "unmount",
+        &container,
     ])
     .is_ok();
-    if unmounted {
+    let removed = cmd(&["podman", "rm", &container]).is_ok();
-        println!("Unmounted image.");
+    if unmounted && removed {
+        println!("Unmounted and removed container.");
     } else {
-        eprintln!("warning: failed to unmount image '{}'", image);
+        eprintln!("warning: failed to clean up container '{container}'");
     }
 
     result
@@ -66,12 +75,18 @@ fn build_inner(
     cmd: Option<String>,
 ) -> Result<()> {
     let config = inject::inspect_config(image)?;
-    let command = cmd.unwrap_or_else(|| inject::infer_command(&config));
+    let argv = match cmd {
-    let env = inject::env(&config);
+        Some(s) => vec!["/bin/sh".into(), "-c".into(), s],
-    let working_dir = inject::working_dir(&config);
+        None => inject::infer_argv(&config),
-    let exec_script = inject::build_exec_script(&command, &env, working_dir);
+    };
-    inject::inject(mount_path, &exec_script)?;
+    inject::inject(
-    println!("Injected /slim/ (init + exec)");
+        mount_path,
+        &argv,
+        &config.env,
+        config.user.as_deref(),
+        config.working_dir.as_deref(),
+    )?;
+    println!("Injected /boco/ (init + exec)");
 
     match kind {
         ImageKind::Initrd => build_initrd(image, mount_path),
@@ -79,13 +94,22 @@ fn build_inner(
     }
 }
 
-fn mount_image(image: &str) -> Result<PathBuf> {
+fn mount_container(image: &str, container: &str) -> Result<PathBuf> {
-    let mount_path = cmd(&["podman", "unshare", "--", "podman", "image", "mount", image])?;
+    cmd(&["podman", "create", "--name", container, image, "/bin/true"])?;
+    let mount_path = cmd(&[
+        "podman",
+        "unshare",
+        "--",
+        "podman",
+        "container",
+        "mount",
+        container,
+    ])?;
     Ok(PathBuf::from(mount_path.trim()))
 }
 
 /// Copy a directory onto a new raw disk image with EXT4.
-fn to_raw_ext4(dir: &Path) -> Result<NamedTempFile> {
+fn to_raw_ext4(dir: &Path, tmp_dir: &Path) -> Result<NamedTempFile> {
     let dir = dir.to_str().context("Invalid UTF-8")?;
     let du_out = cmd(&["podman", "unshare", "--", "du", "-sk", dir])?;
 
@@ -103,7 +127,7 @@ fn to_raw_ext4(dir: &Path) -> Result<NamedTempFile> {
         + 64 * gb; // Add some spare capacity for activities
     let size = size.to_string();
 
-    let raw_file = NamedTempFile::new()?;
+    let raw_file = NamedTempFile::new_in(tmp_dir)?;
     let raw_path = raw_file.path().to_str().context("Invalid UTF-8")?;
     cmd(&["podman", "unshare", "--", "truncate", "-s", &size, raw_path])?;
     cmd(&[
@@ -120,9 +144,9 @@ fn to_raw_ext4(dir: &Path) -> Result<NamedTempFile> {
 }
 
 /// Copy a directory onto a new qcow2 disk image with EXT4.
-fn to_qcow2_ext4(mount_path: &Path) -> Result<NamedTempFile> {
+fn to_qcow2_ext4(mount_path: &Path, tmp_dir: &Path) -> Result<NamedTempFile> {
-    let raw = to_raw_ext4(mount_path)?;
+    let raw = to_raw_ext4(mount_path, tmp_dir)?;
-    let qcow2 = NamedTempFile::new()?;
+    let qcow2 = NamedTempFile::new_in(tmp_dir)?;
     let raw_path = raw.path().to_str().context("Invalid UTF-8")?;
     let qcow2_path = qcow2.path().to_str().context("Invalid UTF-8")?;
     cmd(&[
@@ -136,7 +160,7 @@ fn build_qcow2(image: &str, mount_path: &Path) -> Result<()> {
     fs::create_dir_all(&reg_dir)?;
     println!("Registry: {}", reg_dir.display());
 
-    let qcow2 = to_qcow2_ext4(mount_path)?;
+    let qcow2 = to_qcow2_ext4(mount_path, &reg_dir)?;
 
     fs::copy(qcow2.path(), reg_dir.join("image.qcow2"))
         .context("Failed to copy qcow2 image to registry")?;

src/inject.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-//! Inject: inspect a podman image's config, infer the default command, and
+//! Inject: inspect a podman image's config, infer the default command argv,
-//! inject distro-agnostic /slim/ scripts (init + exec) into the mounted rootfs.
+//! and inject the boco init binary + null-delimited argv/env files into the
+//! mounted rootfs.
 
 use anyhow::{Context, Result, anyhow};
 use serde::Deserialize;
@@ -7,20 +8,21 @@ use std::fs;
 use std::path::Path;
 
 use crate::command::cmd;
-
+use crate::registry::init_binary_path;
-const SLIM_INIT: &str = include_str!("scripts/slim-init.sh");
 
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Deserialize)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "PascalCase")]
 pub struct Config {
     #[serde(default)]
-    cmd: Option<Vec<String>>,
+    pub cmd: Vec<String>,
     #[serde(default)]
-    entrypoint: Option<Vec<String>>,
+    pub entrypoint: Vec<String>,
     #[serde(default)]
-    env: Option<Vec<String>>,
+    pub env: Vec<String>,
     #[serde(default)]
-    working_dir: Option<String>,
+    pub working_dir: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub user: Option<String>,
 }
 
 pub fn inspect_config(image: &str) -> Result<Config> {
@@ -37,98 +39,77 @@ pub fn inspect_config(image: &str) -> Result<Config> {
     Ok(config)
 }
 
-/// Infer the command string from the image config.
+/// Infer the command argv from the image config.
 ///
 /// Concatenates ENTRYPOINT + CMD (Docker semantics). If neither is present,
-/// falls back to `/bin/sh`.
+/// falls back to `["/bin/sh"]`.
-pub fn infer_command(config: &Config) -> String {
+pub fn infer_argv(config: &Config) -> Vec<String> {
-    let entrypoint = config.entrypoint.as_deref().filter(|e| !e.is_empty());
+    let parts: Vec<String> = config
-    let cmd = config.cmd.as_deref().filter(|c| !c.is_empty());
+        .entrypoint
-
-    let parts: Vec<String> = match (entrypoint, cmd) {
-        (Some(ep), Some(c)) => {
-            let mut parts = ep.to_vec();
-            parts.extend(c.iter().cloned());
-            parts
-        }
-        (Some(ep), None) => ep.to_vec(),
-        (None, Some(c)) => c.to_vec(),
-        (None, None) => vec!["/bin/sh".to_string()],
-    };
-
-    if parts.len() == 3 && (parts[0] == "/bin/sh" || parts[0] == "sh") && parts[1] == "-c" {
-        parts[2].clone()
-    } else {
-        shell_join(&parts)
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn env(config: &Config) -> Vec<String> {
-    config.env.clone().unwrap_or_default()
-}
-
-pub fn working_dir(config: &Config) -> Option<&str> {
-    config.working_dir.as_deref()
-}
-
-fn shell_escape(s: &str) -> String {
-    format!("'{}'", s.replace('\'', "'\\''"))
-}
-
-fn shell_join(parts: &[String]) -> String {
-    parts
         .iter()
-        .map(|p| shell_escape(p))
+        .chain(config.cmd.iter())
-        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        .cloned()
-        .join(" ")
+        .collect();
+
+    if parts.is_empty() {
+        vec!["/bin/sh".into()]
+    } else {
+        parts
+    }
 }
 
-/// Generate the /slim/exec script from a command string, env vars, and working dir.
+/// Join items as null-delimited bytes.
-pub fn build_exec_script(command: &str, env: &[String], working_dir: Option<&str>) -> String {
+pub fn null_delimited(items: &[String]) -> Vec<u8> {
-    let mut lines = String::from("#!/bin/sh\n");
+    let mut data = Vec::new();
-    if let Some(dir) = working_dir.filter(|d| !d.is_empty()) {
+    for item in items {
-        lines.push_str(&format!("cd {} 2>/dev/null\n", shell_escape(dir)));
+        data.extend_from_slice(item.as_bytes());
+        data.push(0);
     }
-    for var in env {
+    data
-        if let Some((key, val)) = var.split_once('=') {
-            lines.push_str(&format!(
-                "export {}={}\n",
-                shell_escape(key),
-                shell_escape(val)
-            ));
-        }
-    }
-    lines.push_str(&format!("exec /bin/sh -c {}\n", shell_escape(command)));
-    lines
 }
 
-/// Inject /slim/init and /slim/exec into a mounted container image rootfs.
+/// Install `content` into the mounted rootfs at `<mount>/boco/<name>` with
-pub fn inject(mount_path: &Path, exec_script: &str) -> Result<()> {
+/// the given mode.
+fn install_into_rootfs(mount: &str, name: &str, mode: &str, content: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
+    let temp = tempfile::NamedTempFile::new()?;
+    fs::write(temp.path(), content)?;
+    let src = temp.path().to_str().context("temp path is not UTF-8")?;
+    let dest = format!("{mount}/boco/{name}");
+    cmd(&[
+        "podman", "unshare", "--", "install", "-D", "-m", mode, src, &dest,
+    ])?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Inject /boco/init (binary), /boco/exec (null-delimited argv), /boco/env
+/// (null-delimited env), and optionally /boco/user and /boco/workdir into a
+/// mounted container image rootfs.
+pub fn inject(
+    mount_path: &Path,
+    argv: &[String],
+    env: &[String],
+    user: Option<&str>,
+    working_dir: Option<&str>,
+) -> Result<()> {
     let mount_str = mount_path.to_str().context("mount path is not UTF-8")?;
 
-    let init_temp = tempfile::NamedTempFile::new()?;
+    let init_binary = fs::read(init_binary_path()?).context("Failed to read boco-init binary")?;
-    let exec_temp = tempfile::NamedTempFile::new()?;
+    let exec_data = null_delimited(argv);
-    fs::write(init_temp.path(), SLIM_INIT)?;
+    let env_data = null_delimited(env);
-    fs::write(exec_temp.path(), exec_script)?;
 
-    let init_src = init_temp
+    install_into_rootfs(mount_str, "init", "755", &init_binary)?;
-        .path()
+    install_into_rootfs(mount_str, "exec", "644", &exec_data)?;
-        .to_str()
+    if !env_data.is_empty() {
-        .context("temp path is not UTF-8")?;
+        install_into_rootfs(mount_str, "env", "644", &env_data)?;
-    let exec_src = exec_temp
+    }
-        .path()
-        .to_str()
-        .context("temp path is not UTF-8")?;
 
-    let init_dest = format!("{mount_str}/slim/init");
+    if let Some(user) = user.filter(|u| !u.is_empty()) {
-    let exec_dest = format!("{mount_str}/slim/exec");
+        install_into_rootfs(mount_str, "user", "644", user.as_bytes())?;
+    }
 
-    cmd(&[
+    if let Some(dir) = working_dir.filter(|d| !d.is_empty()) {
-        "podman", "unshare", "--", "install", "-D", "-m", "755", init_src, &init_dest,
+        install_into_rootfs(mount_str, "workdir", "644", dir.as_bytes())?;
-    ])?;
+    }
-    cmd(&[
-        "podman", "unshare", "--", "install", "-D", "-m", "755", exec_src, &exec_dest,
-    ])?;
 
     Ok(())
 }

src/main.rs

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ mod registry;
 use anyhow::Result;
 use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
 
-use crate::{build::BuildCmd, image::ImageCmd, qemu::RunCmd};
+use crate::{build::BuildCmd, image::ImageCmd, qemu::BootCmd};
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[command(about = "Turn containers into bootable VMs")]
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ enum Commands {
     /// Build initrd from an image (podman image must exist)
     Build(BuildCmd),
     /// Launch a previously built VM via QEMU.
-    Run(RunCmd),
+    Boot(BootCmd),
-    /// List slim images in the registry
+    /// List boco images in the registry
     #[command(subcommand)]
     Image(ImageCmd),
 }
@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
         Commands::Build(cmd) => {
             build::build(cmd)?;
         }
-        Commands::Run(cmd) => {
+        Commands::Boot(cmd) => {
-            qemu::run(cmd)?;
+            qemu::boot(cmd)?;
         }
         Commands::Image(cmd) => {
             image::run(cmd)?;

src/qemu.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 //! QEMU: boot a registry entry with qemu-system-x86_64 using direct kernel
 //! boot (-kernel/-initrd or -drive). The kernel is shared across all VMs
-//! at $XDG_DATA_HOME/slim-rs/vmlinuz. A universal /slim/init script (injected
+//! at $XDG_DATA_HOME/boco/registry/vmlinuz. A universal /boco/init script (injected
-//! at build time) handles VM bootstrap; /slim/exec runs the container's
+//! at build time) handles VM bootstrap; /boco/exec runs the container's
-//! CMD/ENTRYPOINT. Runtime overrides are delivered as `slim.cmd=<base64>`
+//! CMD/ENTRYPOINT. Runtime overrides are delivered as `boco.cmd=<base64>`
 //! on the kernel cmdline.
 
 use anyhow::{Context, Result, bail};
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ use crate::{
 };
 
 #[derive(Args, Debug)]
-pub struct RunCmd {
+pub struct BootCmd {
     /// Image tag / registry subdir name
     name: String,
 
@@ -29,18 +29,26 @@ pub struct RunCmd {
     forward: Vec<PortForward>,
 
     /// Override the command to exec in the VM (base64-encoded on the kernel
-    /// cmdline as slim.cmd=<b64>). Overrides the CMD inferred at build time.
+    /// cmdline as boco.cmd=<b64>). Overrides the CMD inferred at build time.
     #[clap(long)]
     cmd: Option<String>,
+
+    /// Share a host directory into the VM via 9p. Format:
+    /// `<host-path>` or `<host-path>:<guest-path>`. When the guest path is
+    /// omitted, the host path is used. Non-absolute guest paths are
+    /// relative to the image's WORKINGDIR. Can be repeated.
+    #[clap(long)]
+    mount: Vec<String>,
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn run(
+pub(crate) fn boot(
-    RunCmd {
+    BootCmd {
         name,
         memory,
         forward,
         cmd,
-    }: RunCmd,
+        mount,
+    }: BootCmd,
 ) -> Result<()> {
     let reg_dir = registry_dir(&name)?;
     let vmlinuz_path = registry_base_dir()?.join("vmlinuz");
@@ -59,7 +67,7 @@ pub(crate) fn run(
         "rw".into(),
         "earlyprintk=serial".into(),
         "nokaslr".into(),
-        "init=/slim/init".into(),
+        "init=/boco/init".into(),
         "devtmpfs.mount=1".into(), // Automatically mount /dev at boot
     ];
 
@@ -73,12 +81,43 @@ pub(crate) fn run(
         fs_args = vec!["-initrd".to_string(), initrd_str];
         cmdline.push("root=/dev/ram0".into());
     } else {
-        bail!("Registry missing rootfs/initrd for '{name}'. Run `slim build` first.");
+        bail!("Registry missing rootfs/initrd for '{name}'. Run `boco build` first.");
     }
 
     if let Some(cmd) = &cmd {
-        let encoded = base64::engine::general_purpose::STANDARD.encode(cmd.as_bytes());
+        let argv = ["/bin/sh".to_string(), "-c".to_string(), cmd.clone()];
-        cmdline.push(format!("slim.cmd={encoded}"));
+        let data: Vec<u8> = argv.join("\0").into_bytes();
+        let encoded = base64::engine::general_purpose::STANDARD.encode(&data);
+        cmdline.push(format!("boco.cmd={encoded}"));
+    }
+
+    // Build 9p shares for each --mount.  Tags are short (boco0, boco1, …)
+    // because 9p mount_tag has a ~31-byte limit.  The guest destination path
+    // is passed on the kernel cmdline as boco.mount=<tag>:<base64(guest_path)>.
+    // If no guest path is specified, the host path is used as the guest path.
+    let mut virtfs_args: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
+    for (i, spec) in mount.iter().enumerate() {
+        let (host_path, guest_path) = match spec.split_once(':') {
+            Some((h, g)) => (h, g),
+            None => (spec.as_str(), spec.as_str()),
+        };
+        let canonical = std::path::Path::new(host_path)
+            .canonicalize()
+            .with_context(|| format!("Cannot resolve mount path '{host_path}'"))?;
+        let host_str = canonical
+            .to_str()
+            .context("Mount path is not valid UTF-8")?;
+        let tag = format!("boco{i}");
+        let dest_b64 = base64::engine::general_purpose::STANDARD.encode(guest_path.as_bytes());
+
+        // QEMU's QemuOpts splits on commas — escape literal commas in the
+        // path as ",," per QEMU convention.
+        let host_escaped = host_str.replace(',', ",,");
+        virtfs_args.push("-virtfs".into());
+        virtfs_args.push(format!(
+            "local,path={host_escaped},mount_tag={tag},security_model=mapped-xattr"
+        ));
+        cmdline.push(format!("boco.mount={tag}:{dest_b64}"));
     }
 
     println!("Booting {name} from registry: {}", reg_dir.display());
@@ -101,6 +140,7 @@ pub(crate) fn run(
         .arg("-kernel")
         .arg(vmlinuz_path.as_os_str())
         .args(&fs_args)
+        .args(&virtfs_args)
         .args(["-snapshot"])
         .args(["-no-reboot"])
         .args(["-append", &cmdline])

src/registry.rs

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 //! Registry: local storage of built VM artifacts under
-//! `$XDG_DATA_HOME/slim-rs/registry/<image>/`.
+//! `$XDG_DATA_HOME/boco/registry/<image>/`.
 
 use anyhow::{Context, Result, anyhow, bail};
 use std::{fs, io, path::PathBuf};
 
 /// Validate a user-supplied image name before it is used in a registry path.
 ///
-/// The name becomes a directory under `$XDG_DATA_HOME/slim-rs/registry/`, so
+/// The name becomes a directory under `$XDG_DATA_HOME/boco/registry/`, so
 /// path separators and `.`/`..` would allow escaping that directory.
 /// Allow-list: ASCII alphanumerics plus `.`, `_`, `:`, `-` (covers image
 /// refs like `alpine:3.15`).
@@ -27,11 +27,17 @@ pub(crate) fn validate_image_name(name: &str) -> Result<()> {
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn registry_base_dir() -> Result<PathBuf> {
-    let base = xdg::BaseDirectories::with_prefix("slim-rs");
+    let base = xdg::BaseDirectories::with_prefix("boco");
     base.create_data_directory("registry")
         .context("Failed to create XDG_DATA_HOME subdirectory")
 }
 
+pub(crate) fn init_binary_path() -> Result<PathBuf> {
+    let base = xdg::BaseDirectories::with_prefix("boco");
+    base.get_data_file("boco-init")
+        .context("boco-init not found in XDG data dir")
+}
+
 pub(crate) fn registry_dir(image: &str) -> Result<PathBuf> {
     validate_image_name(image)?;
     let base = registry_base_dir()?;
@@ -56,7 +62,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn accepts_valid_image_names() {
         for name in [
             "alpine:3.15",
-            "slim",
+            "boco",
             "mock-vm",
             "my_vm",
             "a.b.c",

src/scripts/slim-init.sh

@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/sh
-# slim universal init - distro-agnostic VM bootstrap.
-# Injected by `slim build` at /slim/init and invoked via init=/slim/init.
-
-# === Devices & special filesystems ===
-[ -c /dev/console ] || mknod -m 600 /dev/console c 5 1
-mkdir -p /proc /sys /dev/pts /dev/shm
-mount -t proc proc /proc
-mount -t sysfs sysfs /sys
-mount -t devpts devpts /dev/pts
-mount -t tmpfs tmpfs /dev/shm
-mount -t tmpfs tmpfs /run  -o mode=755
-mount -t tmpfs tmpfs /tmp  -o mode=1777
-
-# === cgroup2 ===
-mkdir -p /sys/fs/cgroup
-mount -t cgroup2 none /sys/fs/cgroup 2>/dev/null || true
-for c in $(cat /sys/fs/cgroup/cgroup.controllers 2>/dev/null); do
-    echo "+$c" > /sys/fs/cgroup/cgroup.subtree_control 2>/dev/null || true
-done
-
-# === Rootless container prerequisites (best-effort) ===
-mount --make-rshared / 2>/dev/null || true
-chmod u+s /usr/bin/newuidmap /usr/bin/newgidmap 2>/dev/null || true
-
-# === Timezone ===
-ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Stockholm /etc/localtime 2>/dev/null || true
-
-# === Networking (QEMU slirp: guest 10.0.2.15/24, gw 10.0.2.2, dns 10.0.2.3) ===
-ip link set lo up 2>/dev/null || true
-ip link set eth0 up 2>/dev/null || true
-ip addr add 10.0.2.15/24 dev eth0 2>/dev/null || true
-ip route add default via 10.0.2.2 2>/dev/null || true
-echo nameserver 10.0.2.3 > /etc/resolv.conf
-
-# === Execute the configured command ===
-# If slim.cmd=<base64> is on the kernel cmdline, decode and exec it.
-# Otherwise, exec /slim/exec (generated from the image's CMD/ENTRYPOINT).
-for tok in $(cat /proc/cmdline 2>/dev/null); do
-    case "$tok" in
-        slim.cmd=*)
-            v=${tok#slim.cmd=}
-            decoded=$(printf '%s' "$v" | base64 -d 2>/dev/null) \
-                || decoded=$(printf '%s' "$v" | openssl base64 -d 2>/dev/null) \
-                || true
-            if [ -n "$decoded" ]; then
-                exec /bin/sh -c "$decoded"
-            fi
-            ;;
-    esac
-done
-exec /slim/exec